The Embedded Lua Runtime

The dbflux_lua crate is DBFlux’s sandboxed Lua 5.4 runtime for connection hooks. This document describes the crate’s architecture, the Lua API exposed to hook scripts, the sandbox and timeout model, and how the runtime is wired into the application.

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What This Crate Does

dbflux_lua lets users write Lua scripts that run during connection lifecycle events (pre-connect, post-connect, pre-disconnect, post-disconnect). The hooks are general-purpose: they can drive SSO login flows, environment setup, audit logging, or triggering external tools before/after a connection opens.

The crate exposes exactly one public type: LuaExecutor. Everything else — the VM factory, the API modules, the shared state — is crate-internal. From the outside, you call executor.execute_hook(hook, context, cancel_token, parent_cancel_token, output, detached) and get back a HookResult. The final detached: Option<&DetachedProcessSender> argument lets the executor hand long-running detached processes back to the caller.

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Architecture Overview

┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│  dbflux (app crate)                 │
│                                     │
│  CompositeExecutor                  │
│    ├── ProcessExecutor  (commands,  │
│    │                     scripts)   │
│    └── LuaExecutor      (Lua hooks)│◄── feature = "lua"
│         ▲                           │
└─────────┼───────────────────────────┘
          │ implements HookExecutor
┌─────────┴───────────────────────────┐
│  dbflux_lua                         │
│                                     │
│  LuaExecutor (zero-sized)           │
│    └── creates fresh LuaVm per call │
│         ├── Lua 5.4 VM (mlua)       │
│         ├── LuaRuntimeState (shared)│
│         └── Instruction hook (1000) │
│                                     │
│  API modules:                       │
│    hook.*          (always)         │
│    connection.*    (capability)     │
│    dbflux.log.*    (capability)     │
│    dbflux.env.*    (capability)     │
│    dbflux.process.*(capability+gate)│
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
          │
          │ types + traits
┌─────────┴───────────────────────────┐
│  dbflux_core                        │
│                                     │
│  HookExecutor trait                 │
│  ConnectionHook, HookKind::Lua      │
│  LuaCapabilities, HookContext       │
│  HookResult, CancelToken            │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘

The key design principle: a fresh Lua VM is created for every hook execution. No VM pooling, no state leaking between runs. This makes the sandbox trivially safe — even if a script somehow corrupts the VM state, it’s thrown away after execution.

---

Dependencies

Dependency	Version	Purpose
mlua	0.10	Lua 5.4 bindings. Features: lua54, send (makes Lua: Send), vendored (compiles Lua from source)
dbflux_core	workspace	Traits (HookExecutor), types (ConnectionHook, HookContext, etc.)
log	0.4	Rust-side logging from Lua callbacks

The vendored feature is important — it means no system Lua installation is required. The Lua 5.4 interpreter is compiled from C source and statically linked. This removes a deployment dependency but adds ~200KB to the binary.

---

The Sandbox

What’s Loaded

Only four Lua standard libraries:

let stdlib = StdLib::TABLE | StdLib::STRING | StdLib::MATH | StdLib::UTF8;
let lua = Lua::new_with(stdlib, LuaOptions::default())?;

This gives scripts access to:

• table: table.insert, table.remove, table.sort, table.concat, table.pack, table.unpack
• string: string.format, string.find, string.gsub, string.sub, string.len, string.match, string.rep, pattern matching
• math: math.floor, math.ceil, math.random, math.sqrt, math.abs, math.max, math.min, math.pi
• utf8: utf8.char, utf8.codepoint, utf8.len

Plus the Lua built-ins that don’t require library loading: type(), tostring(), tonumber(), pairs(), ipairs(), next(), select(), pcall(), xpcall(), error(), setmetatable(), getmetatable(), rawget(), rawset(), rawequal(), rawlen(). Closures, local variables, metatables, all the control flow — everything that makes Lua Lua works fine.

What’s Blocked

Library	Why it’s blocked
io	File read/write. Can’t let hooks read arbitrary files or write to disk.
os	System calls: os.execute() would be a full shell escape, os.remove() can delete files. Even os.getenv() is replaced with the gated dbflux.env.get().
debug	debug.sethook() could interfere with the instruction-count interrupt. debug.getlocal() and debug.getinfo() could inspect internal state.
package	require(), dofile(), loadfile() would allow loading arbitrary code from disk.
coroutine	Not dangerous per se, but adds complexity to the timeout/cancellation model (coroutines can yield past the instruction hook).

The sandbox is “allowlist, not blocklist.” Only the four explicitly loaded libraries plus the registered API functions exist. If it’s not in the list above, it doesn’t exist in the Lua VM.

Memory Limit

Each VM is created with an enforced memory cap of 16 MiB (lua.set_memory_limit(16 * 1024 * 1024) in engine.rs). A script that allocates past this limit fails with a memory error rather than being allowed to exhaust the host’s memory.

---

The Lua API

hook.* — Always Available

This is the core control flow API. Every Lua hook script communicates its result through these functions.

-- Read the current phase
local phase = hook.phase  -- "pre_connect", "post_connect", ...

-- Signal outcomes
hook.ok()           -- success (this is the default if nothing is called)
hook.warn("msg")    -- success, but surface a warning to the user
hook.fail("msg")    -- failure, abort the connection flow

The outcome is a simple state machine with three states: Ok, Warn(msg), Fail(msg). Multiple calls overwrite — only the last call before the script exits matters. If the script completes without calling any of these, the outcome defaults to Ok.

The outcome maps to HookResult like this:

Outcome	exit_code	stderr	warnings
Ok	0	empty	[]
Warn(msg)	0	empty	[msg]
Fail(msg)	1	msg	[]

connection.* — Connection Metadata

Gated by capabilities.connection_metadata (default: true).

connection.profile_id     -- "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"
connection.profile_name   -- "Production DB"
connection.db_kind        -- "Postgres", "SQLite", "MongoDB", "Redis", "MySQL"
connection.host           -- "db.example.com" or nil (SQLite has no host)
connection.port           -- 5432 or nil
connection.database       -- "myapp" or nil

All values are static snapshots taken at VM creation. They cannot be changed by the script. This is intentional — hooks observe the connection, they don’t configure it.

dbflux.log.* — Logging

Gated by capabilities.logging (default: true).

dbflux.log.info("Starting SSO flow")
dbflux.log.warn("Token expires in 5 minutes")
dbflux.log.error("AWS CLI not found")

Each call does two things:

1. Appends [LEVEL] message to an internal log buffer (which becomes the stdout of HookResult)
2. Forwards to Rust’s log crate at the corresponding level, prefixed with [lua]

When the caller provides an output channel, the same log line is also streamed immediately to the UI. The log buffer is still the primary durable output for the final HookResult.

dbflux.env.* — Environment Variables

Gated by capabilities.env_read (default: true).

local home = dbflux.env.get("HOME")          -- "/home/user" or nil
local profile = dbflux.env.get("AWS_PROFILE") -- "production" or nil

if not dbflux.env.get("DATABASE_URL") then
    hook.fail("DATABASE_URL is not set")
end

Read-only. No set() or unset() — hooks cannot modify the environment. This replaces os.getenv() which would require loading the unsafe os library.

dbflux.process.* — Controlled Process Execution

Gated by capabilities.process_run (default: false). Must be explicitly opted in.

Even when enabled, the process API is double-gated by an allowlist system. You can’t run arbitrary programs — only specific tools from predefined categories.

local result = dbflux.process.run({
    program = "aws",
    allowlist = "aws_cli",
    args = { "sso", "login", "--profile", "prod" },
    timeout_ms = 120000,
    cwd = "/home/user",
    stream = true,
})

if not result.ok then
    hook.fail("AWS SSO login failed: " .. result.stderr)
end

dbflux.log.info("AWS SSO login succeeded")
hook.ok()

Input options:

Field	Type	Required	Description
program	string	yes	Bare command name (no path separators)
allowlist	string	yes	Must match a known allowlist name
args	string[]	no	Command arguments
timeout_ms	integer	no*	Per-process timeout (ms). Hook-level timeout still applies above this.
cwd	string	no	Working directory
stream	boolean	no	Stream stdout/stderr to the caller while the process is still running
detached	boolean	no	Hand the spawned process back to the caller and return immediately, instead of waiting for it to exit

* For a non-detached run, timeout_ms is effectively required when there is no hook-level timeout: a call with neither a timeout_ms nor a hook-level timeout fails with the runtime error "dbflux.process.run requires a timeout_ms when no hook-level timeout is set". A detached run is exempt from this constraint.

Return value:

Field	Type	Description
ok	boolean	true if the process was detached, or if exit code is 0 and not timed out
detached	boolean	true if the process was handed off as detached (in which case the output/exit fields below are empty/nil)
exit_code	integer/nil	Process exit code
stdout	string	Captured stdout
stderr	string	Captured stderr
timed_out	boolean	true if per-process timeout fired

Available allowlists:

Allowlist	Allowed programs
aws_cli	aws, aws.exe
python_cli	python, python.exe, python3, python3.exe
ssh_cli	ssh, ssh.exe
cloudflared	cloudflared, cloudflared.exe
gcloud_cli	gcloud, gcloud.cmd, gcloud.exe
az_cli	az, az.cmd, az.exe

program must be a bare command name. Path-qualified names are rejected before the allowlist is checked: any program containing a / or \, made up of multiple path components, or starting with ~ fails with the runtime error "Program '...' must be a bare command name (no path separators)". So program = "/usr/local/bin/aws" is rejected outright — pass program = "aws" instead and let it resolve via PATH. Matching of the bare name against the allowlist is case-insensitive.

This design serves a specific use case: hooks that need to trigger cloud CLI tools (SSO login, tunnel setup, secrets retrieval) without opening a full shell escape. The allowlist is an ergonomics and footgun guard — it prevents typos and accidental execution of unexpected programs. It is not a security isolation boundary: a user who controls PATH can still substitute a different binary under the same name. The hardcoded allowlists can be extended later as new use cases emerge.

---

Timeout and Cancellation

There are three layers of interruption, and understanding how they interact is important.

Layer 1: Lua Instruction Hook

lua.set_hook(
    HookTriggers::new().every_nth_instruction(1_000),
    move |_lua, _debug| { ... }
);

Every 1,000 Lua instructions, the hook fires and checks:

1. Is the cancel token set? → RuntimeError("Lua hook cancelled")
2. Has the timeout elapsed? → RuntimeError("Lua hook timed out")

This catches infinite loops, runaway computations, and long-running pure-Lua code. The 1,000-instruction interval is a balance between responsiveness (checking often) and performance (checking is not free).

Limitation: This hook only fires for Lua bytecode instructions. If the script calls a blocking Rust function (like dbflux.process.run), the instruction hook won’t fire until that function returns. That’s why…

Layer 2: Shared Process Executor

Inside dbflux.process.run, process execution is delegated to the shared dbflux_core::execute_streaming_process() helper. That helper:

• spawns reader threads for stdout and stderr
• pushes output chunks through a channel
• checks cancel tokens and timeouts on a short interval
• kills the child on cancellation or timeout
• returns a normal result table for per-process timeout, or a Lua runtime error for hook-level cancellation/timeout

This keeps Lua hooks and non-Lua script hooks aligned. The same low-level process execution path is used for Bash, Python, and Lua-triggered subprocesses.

Layer 3: Parent Cancel Token

The connection flow passes a parent cancel token that cancels all hooks when the overall connect/disconnect operation is aborted. Both the instruction hook and the shared process executor check this token alongside the hook-specific one.

Timeout Hierarchy

Hook-level timeout (e.g., 30s)
  └── Process-level timeout (e.g., 120s for SSO login)
        └── Actually, process timeout < hook timeout to be useful

If the hook-level timeout fires while a process is running, the process is killed and the entire hook aborts with a Lua timeout error, which LuaExecutor converts into HookResult { timed_out: true }.

If the process-level timeout fires, only that process is killed. The script continues executing and can handle the timeout gracefully:

local result = dbflux.process.run({ ..., timeout_ms = 5000 })
if result.timed_out then
    dbflux.log.warn("Process timed out, falling back to cached credentials")
end

---

Error Handling

How Errors Flow

Script execution
    │
    ├─ Completes normally → outcome (Ok/Warn/Fail) determines HookResult
    │
    ├─ "Lua hook cancelled" → Err(String) returned to caller
    │                          (the ONLY case that returns Err)
    │
    ├─ "Lua hook timed out" → Ok(HookResult { timed_out: true })
    │
    └─ Any other Lua error → Ok(HookResult { exit_code: 1, stderr: error_msg })

Cancellation is the only case that returns Err from execute_hook. Timeouts and runtime errors are normal “the hook failed” outcomes and are captured in HookResult.

Sentinel-Based Error Detection

mlua wraps errors in layers of CallbackError and WithContext. To detect cancellation vs. timeout, the code uses a recursive error_has_message function that unwraps these layers looking for the exact sentinel strings "Lua hook cancelled" and "Lua hook timed out".

This is a pragmatic workaround. A cleaner approach would be custom error types, but mlua’s error model makes that impractical without fighting the library. The sentinel approach works reliably because these exact strings are only produced by our instruction hook and shared process execution path.

---

LuaCapabilities

Defined in dbflux_core::connection::hook:

pub struct LuaCapabilities {
    pub logging: bool,              // default: true
    pub env_read: bool,             // default: true
    pub connection_metadata: bool,  // default: true
    pub process_run: bool,          // default: false
}

These are configured per-hook in the Settings UI. The defaults are deliberately conservative — process_run is the only dangerous capability, and it’s off by default.

The capability checks happen at VM creation time, not at call time. If logging is false, the dbflux.log table simply doesn’t exist in the VM. There’s no runtime check; the sandbox is structural.

---

Internal Architecture Details

LuaRuntimeState

pub struct LuaRuntimeState {
    pub outcome: Arc<Mutex<LuaHookOutcome>>,
    pub log_buffer: Arc<Mutex<Vec<String>>>,
    pub output: Option<OutputSender>,
    pub detached: Option<DetachedProcessSender>,
    pub cancel_token: CancelToken,
    pub parent_cancel_token: Option<CancelToken>,
    pub hook_started_at: Instant,
    pub hook_timeout: Option<Duration>,
}

This is the shared mutable state that Lua callbacks and the executor both access. The Arc<Mutex<...>> pattern is necessary because Lua closures (registered as API functions) capture cloned Arcs, and the executor reads the final state after script execution.

The output sender is optional. When present, Lua log calls and dbflux.process.run({ stream = true }) forward live output to the UI while still preserving the final buffered output in HookResult.

The cancel_token and timing fields are also shared with process execution, creating a single view of the execution context across all layers.

LuaVmConfig

LuaEngine::create_vm() takes a LuaVmConfig struct rather than a long argument list. It bundles the hook context, phase, capabilities, cancel state, optional output sender, and timeout metadata needed to build a fresh VM.

LuaVm

pub struct LuaVm {
    pub lua: Lua,
    pub state: LuaRuntimeState,
}

Bundles the Lua VM and shared state so the executor can access both. After vm.lua.load(&script).exec() completes, the executor reads vm.state.log_buffer and vm.state.outcome to build the HookResult.

The dbflux Table Lazy Init Pattern

fn ensure_dbflux_table(lua: &Lua) -> LuaResult<Table> {
    let globals = lua.globals();
    match globals.get::<Table>("dbflux") {
        Ok(table) => Ok(table),
        Err(_) => {
            let table = lua.create_table()?;
            globals.set("dbflux", table.clone())?;
            Ok(table)
        }
    }
}

Each register_*_api function calls this to get-or-create the dbflux global. This allows capabilities to be registered independently without knowing about each other — each just adds its sub-table to the shared parent.

---

Script Style Guide

Based on the test cases and the API design, here’s the idiomatic way to write Lua hooks:

Basic Hook

dbflux.log.info("Pre-connect hook for " .. connection.profile_name)

if connection.db_kind == "Postgres" and hook.phase == "pre_connect" then
    local db_url = dbflux.env.get("DATABASE_URL")
    if not db_url then
        hook.fail("DATABASE_URL environment variable is not set")
        return
    end
end

hook.ok()

SSO Login Hook

local result = dbflux.process.run({
    program = "aws",
    allowlist = "aws_cli",
    args = { "sso", "login", "--profile", connection.profile_name },
    timeout_ms = 120000,
})

if not result.ok then
    hook.fail("AWS SSO login failed: " .. result.stderr)
    return
end

dbflux.log.info("AWS SSO login completed successfully")
hook.ok()

Conditional by Phase

if hook.phase == "pre_connect" then
    dbflux.log.info("Establishing tunnel...")
    -- setup logic
elseif hook.phase == "post_disconnect" then
    dbflux.log.info("Cleaning up...")
    -- teardown logic
end

Error Handling Pattern

-- Use pcall for operations that might fail
local ok, err = pcall(function()
    -- risky operations here
end)

if not ok then
    hook.fail("Unexpected error: " .. tostring(err))
    return
end

Conventions

• Use return after hook.fail() — The script continues executing after hook.fail(), which just sets a flag. If you don’t return, subsequent code might call hook.ok() and overwrite the failure. The last call wins.
• Log liberally — dbflux.log.info() output appears in the result panel. It’s the only way to communicate progress and debug issues.
• Check result.ok not result.exit_code — The ok field accounts for both exit code and timeout. exit_code can be nil in edge cases.
• Don’t rely on hook.phase being missing in the editor — When running a script from the code editor’s Run button (not as part of a connection flow), the phase defaults to "pre_connect". Phase-dependent logic should handle this gracefully.

---

Limitations

No Async

Everything is synchronous and blocking. The Lua VM runs on a background thread, and dbflux.process.run blocks that thread until the shared process executor finishes. For most hook use cases (CLI tool calls, environment checks), this is fine. But you can’t do async HTTP requests or parallel operations.

No Network Access

There’s no HTTP client, socket library, or network API. The only way to interact with external services is through dbflux.process.run with an allowlisted CLI tool. This is intentional — a sandboxed HTTP client would need careful URL filtering and would expand the attack surface significantly.

No File I/O

No io.open, no os.rename, no direct file reading or writing from Lua itself. If you need data from the outside world, you have to go through an allowlisted process such as Python or a cloud CLI.

No Persistent State

Each hook execution creates a fresh VM. There’s no way to store state between invocations. If you need persistent state, write it to a file via an external process and read it back in the next invocation.

No require()

The package library is not loaded, so require() doesn’t exist. You can’t split Lua code across multiple files or use third-party Lua libraries. All hook logic must be self-contained in a single script.

No os.time() or os.clock()

The os library is blocked entirely. If you need timing, you’ll have to measure externally. This also means math.randomseed(os.time()) doesn’t work — math.random() uses whatever seed mlua provides (which is implementation-dependent).

Limited Allowlists

The process allowlists are hardcoded. Adding a new tool requires a code change, rebuild, and new release. There’s no user-configurable allowlist mechanism (yet). The current six allowlists cover the most common use cases (cloud CLIs, SSH, Python scripts).

No Lua Syntax Highlighting in Editor

gpui-component (v0.5.0) does not include a tree-sitter-lua grammar. When editing Lua scripts in the code editor, there’s no syntax highlighting. The editor_mode() returns "lua" which gracefully falls back to plaintext. Python and Bash scripts get full highlighting.

Bounded Memory

Each VM is capped at 16 MiB of Lua-allocated memory. Scripts that try to build very large data structures in memory will hit this ceiling and fail. This is a sandbox guard, not a tunable per-hook setting.

Output Is API-Driven

The supported way to communicate progress and diagnostics is dbflux.log.*. That output is buffered into the final HookResult, and it can also be streamed live when the caller requests it.

---

How It’s Wired Into the App

Feature Flag

The optional dbflux_lua dependency and its lua feature live on the app crate, crates/dbflux_app/Cargo.toml:

dbflux_lua = { workspace = true, optional = true }
# ...
[features]
lua = ["dbflux_lua"]

The binary crate, crates/dbflux/Cargo.toml, has no direct dbflux_lua dependency. Its lua feature simply forwards to the app and UI crates, and is part of the default set:

[features]
lua = ["dbflux_app/lua", "dbflux_ui/lua"]
default = ["sqlite", "postgres", "mysql", "mongodb", "redis", "dynamodb", "cloudwatch", "influxdb", "mssql", "lua", "aws", "mcp"]

The lua feature is in the default set, so it’s always enabled in normal builds. It can be disabled for builds that don’t need Lua (reduces binary size by ~200KB).

CompositeExecutor

crates/dbflux_app/src/hook_executor.rs defines the router (re-exported from crates/dbflux_app/src/lib.rs):

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct CompositeExecutor {
    process: ProcessExecutor,
    #[cfg(feature = "lua")]
    lua: dbflux_lua::LuaExecutor,
}

HookKind::Lua is routed to LuaExecutor. HookKind::Command and HookKind::Script go to ProcessExecutor. Without the lua feature, Lua hooks return an error string.

Run Button Integration

The code editor’s Run button (execution.rs) uses CompositeExecutor to execute scripts. For Lua scripts, it creates an inline ConnectionHook from the editor content with LuaCapabilities::all_enabled() and a 30-second timeout, passes an output channel to execute_hook, and renders live output in the results panel while the script is still running. The final stdout (log buffer) and stderr are still preserved in the completed text result.

---

Testing

All tests are in the crate itself (not in a separate tests/ directory). Coverage currently spans:

• executor.rs: normal outcomes, runtime errors, file-backed scripts, cancellation, timeouts, capability gating, allowlist enforcement, and streamed process output behavior
• engine.rs: hook phase, connection metadata, hidden unsafe libraries, optional API visibility, and VM construction behavior
• api/dbflux.rs: process option validation, expired hook timeout handling before spawn, live log event formatting, and streamed partial stdout/stderr during cancellation

Running the tests

cargo test -p dbflux_lua           # all tests
cargo test -p dbflux_lua -- timeout  # specific test by name

Some tests spawn real processes (echo, sleep, python3) and have timeouts, so they take a second or two. The process-related tests use cfg!(target_os = "windows") to select platform-appropriate commands.

---

Lessons and Pitfalls

The mlua Error Wrapping Problem

mlua wraps errors in multiple layers: CallbackError { cause: WithContext { context: "...", cause: RuntimeError("actual message") } }. When you want to detect a specific error (like “Lua hook cancelled”), you can’t just match the outer variant — you have to recursively unwrap. The error_has_message function does this, but it’s fragile. If mlua changes its wrapping behavior, the sentinel detection breaks silently.

A better approach might be to use mlua’s Error::external() with a custom error type that implements std::error::Error, but the current sentinel approach has held up well across mlua versions.

The 1,000 Instruction Interval

The instruction hook fires every 1,000 instructions. This means:

• A tight loop doing nothing takes ~1,000 iterations before the cancellation check fires
• For timeout precision, 1,000 instructions translates to roughly microseconds, so timeout accuracy is excellent
• Setting it too low (e.g., every instruction) measurably impacts performance for computational scripts
• Setting it too high (e.g., every 100,000) makes cancellation feel sluggish

1,000 balances cancellation responsiveness against per-check overhead.

process_run Timeout Layering

The three-layer timeout (instruction hook, shared process executor, per-process timeout) can be confusing. The key insight: process-level timeout is recoverable (the script continues), hook-level timeout is not (the hook fails). So you should always set timeout_ms on dbflux.process.run calls to something lower than the hook’s timeout, allowing the script to handle the failure gracefully.

Why Not Just Allow os.execute()?

It might seem simpler to load the os library and let users run whatever they want. The problem is that os.execute() provides no output capture, no timeout, no cancellation, and no program filtering. The dbflux.process.run API gives us all of these. The allowlist is the price of constraining which programs a hook can launch in a GUI app that runs user scripts. It is an ergonomics/footgun guard rather than a security isolation boundary — PATH substitution can still swap the binary behind an allowed name.

Fresh VM Per Execution — Cost vs. Safety

Creating a new Lua 5.4 VM per hook invocation costs ~0.5ms. For something that runs at most 4 times per connection lifecycle, this is negligible. The benefit — perfect isolation between runs — is worth far more than the cost. A pooled VM approach would save microseconds but introduce subtle state leakage bugs.